Final Exam

Question: Who is a better model for modern historians: Herodotus or Thucydides? Why?

Theses: Though both Herodotus and Thucydides were both great historians, and both write many books , Herodotus was considered that Father of history, and he placed his facts before the reader, writing what was true.

Primary Source #1:

Among the merits of Herodotus as an historian, the most prominent are the diligence with which he collected his materials, the candour and impartiality with which he has placed his facts before the reader, the absence of party bias and unduc national vanity, and the breadth of his conception of the historian's office

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11-herodotus.html

Ancient History Sourcebook:

11th Brittanica: Herodotus

Primary Source #2

Among the best MSS. of Thucydides, the Codex vaticanus 126 (11th century) represents a recension made in the Alexandrian or Roman age. In the first six books the number of passages in which the Vaticanus alone has preserved a true reading is comparatively small; in book vii. it is somewhat larger; in book viii. it is so large that here the Vaticanus as compared with the other MSS., acquires the character of a revised text

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11-thucydides.html>

Ancient History Sourcebook:

11th Brittanica: Thucydides

Primary Sauce #3

This part of Herodotus' History tells a famous story of the encounter between the Lydian King Croesus, reckoned as one of the richest men in the world, and Solon, the wise Athenian.

When all these conquests had been added to the Lydian empire, and the prosperity of Sardis was now at its height, there came thither, one after another, all the sages of Greece living at the time,

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-creususandsolon.html

Ancient History Sourcebook:

Herodotus: Solon and Croesus, from The Histories

Argument: Herodotus and Thucydides were both great authors and historians, but Thucydides books where not always preserved correctly, according to source one, and Herodotus wrote from no view, he wrote the facts, not letting anyone influence him according to primary source two. One good example is primary source three, his book about the Lydian king, which was written from the view of an outsider.

Final Exam

Question: Considering all of the conflict of the first century BCE, was Rome better off as an 'empire' than as a republic?




Theses: Rome had power over many places as both e Republic and as an Empire, though while empire was an faster way of getting things done, Rome was better off as a Republic because there was more order, and with more people, they were sure to look out for the common good.




Primary Source #1:




Roman rule was established in Egypt after Octavian (Augustus) displaced the last ruler of the Ptolemaic line, the famous Cleopatra VII. It proved to be a great and rich province for Augustus, who organized the country not so much as a Roman Province but as the emperor's own special domain land. In Egypt, the Emperor was considered the successor of the ancient Pharaohs; his deputy - the prefect - ruled the country with an authority permitted to few other governors.

Pasted from <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/romanegypt1.html>

Ancient History Sourcebook:

Egypt under the Roman Empire




Primary Source #2:




Roman System -- based on balance of interests

Monarchical	Aristocratic	Democratic
2 Consuls + other magistrates	Senate	Assembly of Tribes Tribune
Directed government and army Acted as judges Could issue edicts Acted as chief priest	Controlled state budget Could pass laws	Approved/rejected laws Decided on War Tribune could veto actions of magistrate Acted as final court
Basis of power: possess imperium, the right to rule need for leadership	Basis of power: members were richest men in Rome.	Basis of power: provided most of the soldiers
Limits on power: one year term each could veto	Limits on power: could not control army needed majority as soldiers.	Limits on power: Could not suggest laws often paid as clients by the elite

http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/rome-balance.html

Ancient History Sourcebook:

The Roman Republic: Checks and Balances




Primary Source #3




THE THREE kinds of government, monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, were all found united in the commonwealth of Rome. And so even was the balance between them all, and so regular the administration that resulted from their union, that it was no easy thing to determine with assurance, whether the entire state was to be estimated an aristocracy, a democracy, or a monarchy. For if they turned their view upon the power of the consuls, the government appeared to be purely monarchical and regal. If, again, the authority of the senate was considered, it then seemed to wear the form of aristocracy.

http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/polybius6.html

Ancient History Sourcebook:

Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE):

Rome at the End of the Punic Wars

[History, Book 6]




Argument: Rome ruled over many places while it was under the rule of a King, such as the rule over Egypt according to Source One, but by looking at source two, they had a very good system, such a system such as the checks and balances, the Republic was more organized, and the people got a say in what happened in their government. This made them balanced and a union, according to source three. With one king in Rome, there was always fighting over the throne, with a republic, everybody could have a part.

Final Exam

Question: Were the Vikings "barbarians"?

Theses: Vikings, also called Northman, were ravages who captured ships, and killed men, while not all Vikings were barbarians, such as Leif who may of discovered America, most were, killing to get what they want.

Primary Source #1:

After the sixteen winters had lapsed, from the time when Eric the Red went to colonize Greenland, Leif, Eric's son, sailed out from Greenland to Norway. He arrived in Drontheim in the autumn, when King Olaf Tryggvason was come down from the North, out of Halagoland. Leif put into Nidaros with his ship, and set out at once to visit the king. King Olaf expounded the faith to him, as he did to other heathen men who came to visit him. It proved easy for the king to persuade Leif, and he was accordingly baptized, together with all of his shipmates. Leif remained throughout the winter with the king, by whom he was well entertained.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1000vinland.html

Modern History Sourcebook:

The Discovery of North America by Leif Ericsson, c. 1000

from The Saga of Eric the Red, 1387

Primary Source #2

of vikings, and they fought against them, and captured all the ships, and slew the men. When they werere turning homeward with the booty, a great naval force of vikings met them, andthen fought against them on the same day, and the Danish gained the victory. In the same year, before midwinter, Carloman, king of the Franks, died, and awild boar killed him; and one year before his brother died

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/angsax-chron1.html

Medieval Sourcebook: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on Alfred the Great

Primary Source #3

Pirates of the Northmen's race came to Nantes, killed the bishop and many of the clergy and laymen, both men and women, and pillaged the city. Thence they set out to plunder the lands of lower Aquitaine. At length they arrived at a certain island [the isle of Rhé, near La Rochelle, north of the mouth of the Garonne], and carried materials thither from the mainland to build themselves houses; and they settled there for the winter, as if that were to be their permanent dwelling-place.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/843bertin.html

Medieval Sourcebook:

Three Sources on the Ravages of the Northmen in Frankland, c. 843 - 912

Argument:

In source one we see that the Vikings may of made some discoveries, such as America By Leif Ericon, who was not a ravage. Though some Vikings were not as ravage as some others, most were still violent. By looking at Source Two and Three, we see that there was a lot of taking objects that were not theirs, and a lot of killing men who did not deserve to die.

Final Exam

Question: Describe the significance of the Battle of Tours.

Theses: The Battle of Tours was perhaps the turning point in history because without it, Muslim religion would of still be spreading, and would of destroyed Christian belief, therefore, leaving no Christian faith left to flourish.

Primary Source #1:

"The defeat of the Saracen invaders of Frankish lands at Tours (more properly Poitiers) in 732 A.D. was a turning point in history. It is not likely the Muslims, if victorious, would have penetrated, at least at once, far into the north, but they would surely have seized South Gaul, and thence readily have crushed the weak Christian powers of Italy. It is very unfortunate that we do not possess scientific accounts of Charles Martel's great victory, instead of the interesting but insufficient stories of the old Christian chroniclers."

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/732tours.html

Medieval Sourcebook:

Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732: Three Accounts

Primary Source #2:

"But such defect of discipline always is fatal to armies. So Abderrabman and his host attacked Tours to gain still more spoil, and they fought against it so fiercely that they stormed the city almost before the eyes of the army that came to save it; and the fury and the cruelty of the Moslems towards the inhabitants of the city were like the fury and cruelty of raging tigers /But it seemed as if they fled; and all the host was troubled. And while Abderrahman strove to check their tumult, and to lead them back to battle, the warriors of the Franks came around him, and he was pierced through with many spears, so that he died. Then all the host fled before the enemy, and many died in the flight. . . . "

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/arab-poitiers732.html

Medieval Sourcebook:

Anon Arab Chronicler: The Battle of Poitiers, 732

Primary Source #3

"he was by necessity compelled to confese what he had before willfully denied.

It happened that the two armies were in battle and there was great slaughter."

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/gregtours1.html

Medieval Sourcebook: Gregory of Tours:

Argument: According to source one, The battle of tours stopped the advancement of the Muslim religion, and left Christianity alone. If Christianity had been put in a battle, it was so weak, it would of be demolished, and there would, most likely, not longer be a Christian Religion. According tow sources two and three, this battle was also memorable because many men gave their lives to stop the advancement of the Muslims.

Final Exam

Question: What were Michelangelo's influences? Consider his works in fresco, sculpture, architecture, poetry and underlying humanist beliefs

Theses: Michelangelo's influences for his artwork came from many places, such as looking at the beauty in nature, looking at the was humans work, or maybe he just drew what he saw when he was under the pressure of doing well when his rival, Leonardo Da Vinci were on the race for the best painting.

Primary Source #1:

"The greatest gifts are often seen, in the course of nature, rained by celestial influences on human creatures; and sometimes, in supernatural fashion, beauty, grace, and talent are united beyond measure in one single person, in a manner that to whatever such an one turns his attention, his every action is so divine, that, surpassing all other men, it makes itself clearly known as a thing bestowed by God (as it is), and not acquired by human art. This was seen by all mankind in Leonardo da Vinci, in whom, besides a beauty of body never sufficiently extolled, there was an infinite grace in all his actions; and so great was his genius, and such its growth, that to whatever difficulties he turned his mind, he solved them with ease. In him was great bodily strength, joined to dexterity, with a spirit and courage ever royal and magnanimous; and the fame of his name so increased, that not only in his lifetime was he held in esteem, but his reputation became even greater among posterity after his death"

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/vasari1.html

Medieval Sourcebook: Giorgio Vasari: Life of Leonardo da Vinci 1550

Primary Source #2

"Michael Angelo was at this time fourteen years old, and he made such progress that he astonished Domenico, who saw that he not only surpassed his other pupils, of whom he had a great number, but often equalled the things he did himself. It happened once that one of the boys who was learning there had copied with a pen some women out of one of Ghirlandajo's works, and Michael Angelo, taking the paper, with a thicker pen outlined one of the women again, as she should have been drawn."

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari26.htm

Michael Angelo

Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists

Primary Source #3

"also Michael Angelo's works and Michael Angelo himself, then living in Rome. He went therefore with some of his friends, but having seen all that he desired, returned to Florence, considering wisely that the works there were too profound for him, and should be seen not by beginners, but by those who have greater knowledge of art. Nevertheless after more study he returned again to Rome, and spent there a year making many things worthy of memory, and for his friend Luca Martini he made a copy in wax of Michael Angelo's Moses"

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari14.htm

Lionardo da Vinci

Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists

Argument: In source One we see that nature has a lot to do with what they were drawling., such as it's beauty and grace. Also, looking at source two and three, you can see that he may of beeen influenced by his life, and all the things and places that he went.

Final Exam

Question: Describe the importance of water in the ancient world

Theses: Water made living during the ancient world possible. Water brought life to lands, water the orchards that aloud humans to live, and was also was used to protect people against the devil.

Primary source #1:

Hail to thee, O Nile! Who manifests thyself over this land, and comes to give life to Egypt! Mysterious is thy issuing forth from the darkness, on this day whereon it is celebrated! Watering the orchards created by Re, to cause all the cattle to live, you give the earth to drink, inexhaustible one! Path that descends from the sky, loving the bread of Seb and the first-fruits of Nepera, You cause the workshops of Ptah to prosper!

Ancient History Sourcebook:

Hymn to the Nile, c. 2100 BCE

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hymn-nile.html

Primary Source #2

Then he shall designate a spot in the vestibule where the fire is to be made for the water, and shall first sprinkle the place with holy water, and shall also sprinkle the kettle when it is ready to be hung and the water in it, to guard against the illusions of the devil. Then, entering the church with the others, he shall celebrate the ordeal mass. After the celebration let the priest go with the people to the place of the ordeal, the Gospel in his left hand, the cross, censer and relics of the saints being carried ahead, and let him chant seven penitential psalms with a litany.

Medieval Sourcebook: Ordeal of Boiling Water,

12th or 13th Century

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/water-ordeal.html

Primary Source #3

was in Portugal, in 1484, there came a person to the King from the island of Madeira, soliciting for a vessel to go in quest of land, which he affirmed he saw every year, and always of the same appearance. He also says that he remembers the same was said by the inhabitants of the Azores and described as in a similar direction, and of the same shape and size. Having taken in food, water, meat and other provisions, which had been provided by the men which he left ashore on departing for Grand Canary to repair the Pinta, the Admiral took his final departure from Gomera with the three vessels on Thursday, 6 September

Medieval Sourcebook:

Christopher Columbus: Extracts from Journal

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.html>

Argument:

Without the water people could not live. According to source one , the Nile played a huge role in keeping the system of life going because without water the plants could not grow, which would make the animals die. According to source two, water was used by priest to repel evil, and the devil from entering places. Finally the last source was a repetition of Columbus saying that water was a needed to live.

Summery of Livy's history of Rome

After the Trojans were killed, Aeneas and Antenor refused to cooperate. Together the Trojans and Enetians defeated Euganai. the name Troy is becoming common. The Trojans began plundering many neighborhoods. Soon the Aborigines occupied the country with their king Latinus. Apparently he was later defeated in battle and made peace with Aeneas. It was also said that they were going to fight. since the city of Troy was destroyed a treaty was signed to keep peace. a town was built called Lavinium after Aeneas' wife. Soon the Trojans and Aborigines were at war with Turnus. Lavinia declared war on Latinus and Aeneas. After the loss of Latinus, a king said that the Trojan state was becoming too powerful. Aeneas trusted his forces and led them onto the field. It was his last act before his death. Aeneas' son, Ascanius took his thrown. The growth of the Latin power began. Ascanius' son Silvius took the thrown after his death. Then he had Aeneas Silvius who had Latinus Silvius. Latinus Silvius had Alba, Atys, Capys, Capetus, Tiberinus who drowned. then came Agrippa and he had Romulus Silvius. He was struck by lightning and Aventinus took the thrown. Proca was next who had Numitor and Amulius. Numitor was a very violent person and caused many problems. the Vestal was violated and had teins. Mars was named as the father. The twins were ordered to be thrown in a river. My luck the twins were able to stay afloat and were saved by a she-wolf. Larentia brought the children up. When the twins were grown up they spent their time hunting. Romulus and Remus joined the Lupercalia festival which was on Palentine Hill, where man ran about naked playing sports. Romulus was able to defend himself but Remus was taken prisoner. After Romulus found about this he killed the king. One day Numitor saw an enemy attacking the palace and he drew soldiery to come defend the palace. Then many people came to congratulate him and he then became king. He told Romulus and Remus to build a city. They were twins so no one had more authority because of who was older so they went to the tutelary deities to find out whose name the city would be after and who would rule the city. Both of them got omens and they fought over whose omen was better. Remus was killed and Romulus became the king and the city was named after him. He was talking about how to worship gods and he had a story about Hercules. After they figured out their religion Romulus called a council and he gave them laws and created senators.